Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, known locally in Dhivehi as Bodu Kandoo or Boda Vaki, is one of the most significant mangrove species in the Maldives. It thrives across the islands, playing a vital role in protecting coastlines, supporting marine life, and sustaining local traditions. As a cornerstone of Maldivian mangrove ecosystems, it embodies the delicate balance of nature and culture that defines the region.
Scientific Classification
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Clade: Tracheophytes
- Clade: Angiosperms
- Clade: Eudicots
- Order: Malpighiales
- Family: Rhizophoraceae
- Genus: Bruguiera
- Species: B. gymnorrhiza
- Binomial name: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam.
Synonyms
- Bruguiera conjugata
- Rhizophora conjugata
- Rhizophora gymnorrhiza
Common Names
- Large-leafed mangrove
- Oriental mangrove
- Dhivehi names: Bodu Kandoo, Boda Vaki
Description
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is an evergreen mangrove tree that can grow up to 35 meters tall, although most specimens in the Maldives range between 6 and 10 meters. It is recognized by its single-stemmed growth, short buttresses, and distinctive knee-shaped aerial roots. The thick, rough bark varies in color from pale grey to brown. Its leathery, dark green leaves are simple, opposite, and elliptic, measuring 8 to 22 cm in length.
The flowers are axillary and solitary, with a striking reddish to scarlet calyx featuring 10–14 pointed lobes. The bilobed petals are orange-brown in mature flowers and adorned with long bristles. The species is viviparous, producing buoyant, cigar-shaped propagules that measure 15–25 cm in length, allowing effective dispersal via water currents.
Distribution in the Maldives
Bodu Kandoo is widespread throughout the Maldives, particularly in intertidal zones. It is often found forming dense stands in areas like Kaafu Huraa and other islands, providing essential habitat for marine and terrestrial species. Its ecological prominence makes it a vital species for local biodiversity.
Global Distribution
Globally, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza spans the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean regions. Native habitats include:
- Southeast Asia (e.g., Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines)
- The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Coastal Africa, including Mozambique and South Africa
- Pacific islands such as Fiji, Samoa, and the Marshall Islands
This species has also been introduced to regions like Florida and has become naturalized in some areas.
Ecology and Habitat
In the Maldives, Bodu Kandoo thrives in intertidal mudflats, estuaries, and less exposed coastal areas. It prefers salinity levels between 8 and 26 ppt but can tolerate up to 50 ppt. The species grows best in well-aerated, alluvial soils and is often found alongside other mangroves, such as Rhizophora. Its ability to grow under full forest canopies makes it highly adaptable.
Propagation and Management
The tree propagates via viviparous propagules, which can be collected from mother trees or freshly fallen ones. These propagules are stored in brackish water or wrapped in moist jute for up to a week before planting. Direct planting of propagules is common, but nursery-raised seedlings around 35 cm tall are also used for restoration projects.
Uses in the Maldives
In Maldivian communities, the propagules of Bodu Kandoo are a seasonal delicacy. They are peeled, soaked, boiled multiple times, and eaten plain or with salt. Prepared propagules are sometimes dried for later use. While the timber is hard and durable, it is less commonly utilized due to its susceptibility to decay. The bark is valued for tanning fishing nets.
Cultural and Conservation Significance
Mangroves like Bodu Kandoo hold immense ecological and cultural significance in the Maldives. They provide critical coastal protection, serve as nurseries for marine species, and support local traditions. Conservation initiatives are vital to safeguarding these ecosystems against threats such as habitat destruction and climate change. Efforts to restore mangroves ensure their continued role in protecting Maldivian shores and biodiversity.
Vernacular Names Globally
- Tongan: Tongo
- Marshall Islands: Jon
- Indonesian: Putut
- Malay: Pokok Tumu Merah
- Swahili: Mkoko Wimbi
- Afrikaans: Swart-wortelboom
Conclusion
As a symbol of resilience and ecological balance, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is an integral part of the Maldives’ natural heritage. Its ecological importance and cultural value underscore the need for sustained conservation efforts. Protecting this keystone species ensures a harmonious coexistence of nature and tradition for generations to come.
